The Language of Euthanasia Essay Example

The Language of Euthanasia Essay Our society is filled with controversial issues. Abortion, prostitution and euthanasia are all issues which lead to many heated debates in everyday conversation. An individuals stance on these topics is often a direct correlate of societys current environment as well as the individuals own value system. These values are often based upon religion, upbringing, and ones own personal experiences. One personal experience that most of us have endured at one point or another is that of having an elderly loved one die. Death and dying are an inevitable part of our existence which we must all face one day. Its interesting then to think that, there are those individuals that make the conscious decision to embrace death while others attempt to put off their last moments on earth. The power and ability to control when death is inflicted may soon become readily available to the elderly and society. Would this not then allow mankind to play God? It is this very question, which in the last decade has come to the forefronts of society, government, and organized religion. With its increasing popularity Euthanasia appears to have become an easy answer to a much more complex underlying problem. In essence then Sheila Grant in her article. The Language of Euthanasia accurately describes the concept of euthanasia as simply being a fancy word used to describe the immoral act of killing another human being whether old or young. We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Euthanasia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Euthanasia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Euthanasia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As the title of the article indicates the language of euthanasia plays a pivotal role in the issue. The author methodically builds up her position on what exactly the language of Euthanasia is and how it is exploited. The author partially contributes the rising popularity of euthanasia to the fact that society misunderstands the exact connotations attached to the concept. Not being able to fully comprehend the fundamental elements of an issue results in difficulty understanding and arguing that particular issue. In this case advocates of Euthanasia are able to build their case by feeding off societys lack of knowledge. These advocates use euphemisms like deliverance, death with dignity, aid-in-dying and gentle landing. If their position has to be promoted with euphemisms, this may be due to the fact that the use of accurate, descriptive language would make the distressing reality too apparent. Its disturbing then to think that it is the definition of a term that often compels one to take either a negative or positive approach on an issue. Confusion has clearly reined throughout society about the exact meaning of Euthanasia. This is clearly illustrated in the article with the example of the CBC talk show host. In this particular example the host is provided with a faulty definition instead of the more precise medical definition of Euthanasia. This new inaccurate definition results in the talk show host altering his original belief of the concept. Had the host been adequately educated he would have stood his ground and not altered his beliefs. This proves the point that there is a lack of consistency in the use of the term Euthanasia. To examine the term in itself, euthanasia, is any action taken to help procure death. It is here that we must understand that Euthanasia is different from prolonging inevitable death. Instead euthanasia is deliberately causing the death of someone who is not dying. It is the intentional killing usually by the act of omission of a dependent human being for their alleged benefit. In the past euthanasia included both voluntary and involuntary termination of life. This was the main contention for mass confusion. It has for this reason become vital to differentiate between what is euthanasia and what isnt. One way to distinguish what is and isnt euthanasia is to examine the last act of the third party before death occurs. If without this last act death would not have occurred then euthanasia has been committed. This act by the third party is what essentially brings upon death, without this act death would only have occurred naturally. The act can then be viewed inherently as one of killin g. Euthanasia is therefore not about the right to die, instead it entails the right to kill. Some might state that kill is too harsh a word for euthanasia but the word kill means to cause death. The actions taking place in euthanasia do kill a person therefore euthanasia is an act of killing another human being. This is a direct violation of our moral code of conduct. To encourage euthanasia is to encourage the act of killing and suicide. This opens up many ethical and moral implications as suicide is considered a mortal sin. The Judaeo-Christian belief condemns all suicide whether it be is assisted or not. They believe that euthanasia violates ones natural desire to live. We are born into this world to live and when it is our time to die we die. To hasten along this process is tampering with nature. Pope John Paul II, stated during a speech on October 7th 1979 Almighty God, our Father, You have given us life and intended us to have it forever, grant us Your blessings. Enlighten our minds to an awareness and to a renewed conviction that all life is sacred because it is created in Your image and likeness. Help us to teach by word and the example of our lives that life occupies the first place, that human life is precious because it is the gift of God, whose love in infinite. Give us the strength to defend human life against every influence or actio n that threatens or weakens it, as well as the strength to make every life more human in all its aspects. From this it is quite clear that life is a gift which God has bestowed upon us and only God has the right to take it away from us. Another human being should not have enough power to decide whether a human being lives or dies. Ethically speaking as well euthanasia is also considered an immoral act. Take for example the age old Hippocratic Oath that every doctors pledges. This oath states that even gravely defected babies should be treated like any other patient. It is only if the treatment doesnt help the child that they are then allowed to die they should not be killed. Every human life should be worth preserving regardless of the quality of life criteria this is the view that morals, religion, and the medical profession all advance. Hippocrates further advances this position by stating that medicine is to do away with the suffering of the sick, to lesson the violence of their diseases, and to refuse to treat those who are overmastered by their diseases is realising that in such cas es medicine is powerless. When doctors aid in the process of euthanasia they are violating the very principles they have pledged to abide by. We look to doctors as being in a position to exert tremendous influence as they alone have all the medical facts. Nevertheless, every year there are thousands of cases of malpractice reported against doctors. Being human even doctors are prone to human error. Is it then wise to endow so much clout and blind faith into the hands of such medical professionals? There have also been reported cases where patients have been coerced and exploited either by their doctors or family members into accepting this course of action. This brings much concern as death can them be used to facilitate ones own self-interests. Another important factor causing concern is the timing involved in taking such an extreme measure as euthanasia. The patient is often enduring unbearable pain which may cloud their judgement. In making the choice to opt for euthanasia the patient often cant see beyond that short term benefits of such actions. To them euthanasia becomes a permanent solution to a temporary problem. They see it as a release to their pain and suffering. Often times though all they require is effective pain management through medication or counselling . These methods can greatly alleviate physical and emotional pain and allow a person to have an enjoyable life; one which they would have lost had they embraced euthanasia. The author goes on to explain that even the families of patients facing the choice of euthanasia are swamped with grief, fear, and guilt. These are all emotions which limit the clarity required to make such a complex decision often resulting in a haphazard and emotionally laden decision. Nevertheless, unfortunately if for some reason Euthanasia is legalized perhaps there should be a mandatory waiting period as well as counselling sessions. By providing such services both the patient and their family would be required to reflect on both the short term and long term implications of their decision. Commonly financial restraints also play a huge role in both the short and long term implications. With the baby boomers aging and with a greater burden being placed on our health care system it has been suggested that euthanasia be used as a means of health care cost containment. With hospitals budgets being slashed these institutions are likely to benefit financially from providing less, rather than more, care for their patients. Its not wise then to completely trust such institutions as they have their own priorities which may not always coincide with those of the patients. In order to survive the healthcare system in Canada has started on the road to privatization. There are millions of individuals who across the world dont have access to medical insurance, medication, or pain control. In the future with this privatized system treatments would only be available to those able to pay for them. Then the dangerous circumstances arise where euthanasia becomes the only affordable choice for an individual. This results in the further widening of the gap between the poor and rich and where wealth and power are the deciding factors between life and death, not God. In conclusion then we must begin to understand that we as able bodied humans see things from a narrow scope. Often times the disabled or sick are content with their lives and we merely inflict death on then due to our lack of compassion and understanding towards their condition. Education is necessary in order for us to completely understand what these individuals endure. Without such knowledge how can any of us make the choice for them between life and death? Euthanasia has undoubtedly become a matter of public concern as it can lead to tremendous abuse, exploitation and erosion of care for the most vulnerable people among us. There was a time when we had social restraints protecting the weak and sick today even these are eroding leaving a world where people selection has become the norm. We must uphold such restraints if we wish to continue to live in a civilized moral society. Sidebar: Documenting Your Wishes Sidebar: What Are Advance Directives? Sidebar: Are Living Wills Honored? Glossary Sabina and Perry Elfmont talked often about how they would face death. As a retired physician, 88-year-old Perry had seen many of his patients suffer at the end. Perry had lived a rich life with his wife of more than 30 years. He had run the New York blood bank and, despite his age, he still could enjoy theater and museums. He and his 78-year-old wife traveled, making visits to his homeland of France. They took walks in New York City, where they shared an apartment. A voracious reader, Perry was fluent in five languages. A Living Will Perry told Sabina if he became seriously ill he didnt want heroic measures if it meant he wouldnt live his life to the fullest anymore. Perry had suffered three heart attacks that forced him to retire from his active physician practice after 25 years. He knew exactly what life-prolonging interventions could be imposed if he reached a critical stage. Perry completed a living will and delineated what he did not want if he became incapacitated, including resuscitation, mechanical respiration, and renal dialysis. It even included his desire to be cremated at burial. One May morning in 1994, Perry woke up disoriented. Sabina found her husband in a state of confusion and paranoia. She immediately called his doctor. A stroke was a possibility so he told Sabina to bring Perry immediately to Mt. Sinai Medical Center emergency room. Sabina brought a copy of his living will. Perrys cardiologist had a copy and Sabina wanted the attending doctors and hospital to know his wishes. Do Not Resuscitate Once her husband was moved to a bed, Sabina informed the attending residents that he had a do not resuscitate (DNR) order. She then filed the information with the hospital. It simply came naturally to me because I knew his opinion about having unnecessary things done. Sabina stayed by Perrys side until Perrys son, Andrew, came by on the second day. Sabina went home to get some rest, a decision she says she will regret forever. When she returned the next morning, her husbands hands were restrained and he looked terrible. Sabina asked what had happened. She was told that Perry had gone into respiratory arrest in the middle of the night and they had resuscitated him. Sabina looked over at Perry. He was tethered to his bed, unable to speak, unable to do anything. All the fears he had expressed in their conversations had come true. The events of that evening are now the subject of a lawsuit between Sabina and Andrew Elfmont and Mt. Sinai. But essentially the medical resident on staff resuscitated Perry after the DNR order had been countermanded by a physician overseeing his care. Sabina says Perrys cardiologist admitted that a mistake had been made. She confronted a neurologist who was treating her husband. I said, How could you do it? A living will is a patients wish.' Sabina says the doctor told her his job was to keep patients alive, not to let them die. When she asked why her husbands hands were in restraints, she was told it was to prevent him from yanking out his tubes. He knew exactly what he wanted to do, she said. Twenty-Seven Months Two days later, Perry was released from Mt. Sinai and he and Sabina spent the next 27 months together in their apartment. Although Perry could initially walk with difficulty, he was depressed and despondent. He couldnt speak, he couldnt read, and he couldnt care for himself. His friends found it hard to visit, says Sabina. She hired a nurse to care for him to help keep his life as normal as possible at home. But Perry didnt have much of a life, she says. He wouldnt get up in the morning unless Sabina woke him; he wouldnt eat unless food was put in front of him; and he couldnt hold a conversation. Toward the latter part of his life, he lost bodily function. After a few months at home, Perry refused to go outside. He did not want to be in a wheelchair. Sabina says she was so worried that he would commit suicide that she only left the apartment to go to the bank and supermarket. A Widows Crusade In August 1996, Perry died at home at age 90. Sabina and Andrew cremated him and spread his ashes in France. While still grieving Perrys loss, Sabina has become a crusader for assuring the rights of the terminally ill. A Polish-born Holocaust survivor, Sabina says if she had been with Perry the night he almost died, she would have respected his wishes. I wouldnt have let there be a resuscitation. As hard as that would be, I know how important it was to him. New York attorney Lewis Fishlin, who represents Sabina and Andrew, says that Perry should have been permitted to die. This is not a man who meandered around the subject [of death]. This is a man who focused clearly on what his wishes were and made it clearly known. Sabinas message to others: If you have a living will, be on top of it. Perrys experience taught her that its not when you die, its how you die. A living will should be enough, but it seems it didnt work . . . Once you write a living will, put your family around the table and talk to them about it, she says. Perry talked to me very often about it. Sabina, now 80, isnt sure whether she can sustain a legal battle with a major New York hospital but she says for Perry she must try. I wanted to fulfill his wishes and they didnt let me. Association for the right to die with dignity To enjoy the closing years of our life to the full, we need every possible reassurance about the way it will come to an end. Will the end of our life be left to mere chance ? Will it depend on somebody elses decision ? Will our final moments be prolonged against our will until our physical degradation is complete? Should we be entitled to make decisions about our last moment before anybody else, namely relatives, friends or physicians ? Have you ever asked yourselves those questions ? We have, and these very questions are the reason why our association was created. ADMD (the Association for the Right to Die with Dignity) campaigns for the right to end ones life in a peaceful, dignified manner. This can be achieved only if one is given full freedom of choice regarding ones last moment in the near or in the distant future. ADMDs goal is to promote change not only in the minds of the general public, but also in the way the healthcare profession responds to end the moral misery, physical decay and unnecessary pain preceding and accompanying death. ADMD strongly objects to resorting to euthanasia for political, social or economic purposes. Ever since 1980, ADMD has relentlessly crusaded for the right for all to receive the best pain relief and to refuse any unnecessary prolongation of life by medical means. Those legitimate demands have now been met by a French government memo (ministerial circular of May 1995) which recognises the patients new rights. However, a law is now required to ensure compliance with the circular in everyday situations. ADMDs priority is to get the authorities to endorse a declaration of the will to die with dignity , a genuine living will enabling those requesting it formally to receive active assistance in dying. ADMD is open to everyone irrespective of their political or religious backgrounds. Though formerly virtually unknown or misunderstood, the ideas advocated by the Association have gained ground among the public at large. Several opinion surveys clearly indicate that an overwhelming majority of the French people supports the right to an assisted death when patients experience pain and suffering which have become unacceptable in their own judgement You do not accept physical degradation : this is your own decision.

Doctrine of Caveat Emptor Essays

Doctrine of Caveat Emptor Essays Doctrine of Caveat Emptor Paper Doctrine of Caveat Emptor Paper In general, it was believed that the business have the duty responsibility to provide products that fulfill the claims that the business explicitly made about the products on the markets to their consumers. Consumers form expectations about the products they are going to buy based on those claims and thus, leads them enter into a buying contract. The company has the duty to provide consumers what they pay for. However, consumers today were assumed to be wise, knowledgeable and doubtful. The doctrine of caveat emptor, meaning â€Å"let the buyer beware†, proclaims that consumers were entitled to buy at their own risk unless a warranty is given by the sellers. It was because that the consumers nowadays have their absolute right to choose what they want to buy freely; therefore, they were expected to take the responsibility to inspect and check any potential buying carefully based on their own judgment and were asked to accept the risk that the products have the possibility to be either defective or unsuitable to their needs. Products with this information prevented sellers or manufactures from any lawsuit regarding to consumers’ negligence and carelessness during the buying or using processes that the consumers might get injured when they use the products they bought. Anyhow, the doctrine of caveat emptor is not designed to protect the sellers/manufacturers who trying to concealed any hidden defects or making misleading claims about the quality or condition of the products they sold that may amounting to fraud and bad faith of the company so consumers must clearly know their rights and be alert to any possible scams. Nevertheless, product safety is an ethical obligation nowadays, so the products were assumed to be safe for ordinary use all the time. Product liability comprises â€Å"all claims or action brought for personal inquiry, death, or property damage caused by the manufacture, design, formula, preparation, assembly, installation, testing, warnings, instructions, marketing, packaging, or labeling of any product† according to Section 102(2) of Uniform Product Liability Act. Although the consumers are still required to check upon buying, the responsibilities of sellers and manufacturers upon products safety were increased even more in this modern trend. Hence, there are few ethical theories regarding to product liability can be discuss here. The social contract theory that connected modern moral with political theory was first introduced by the 17th century British philosopher Thomas Hobbes. He had came out with a view of psychological egoism which held that one’s actions are motivated by self-desires. Everything one does is solely prompted by the desire to better one’s situation, and to satisfied as many of one’s desires as possible. Human beings are eternally appetitive and truly only concerned with their own interests. An action that seems selfless might still contains the element of selfishness. For example one who donates to the charity might still enjoy the feeling of control over others at the same time. Therefore, the theory of psychological egoism sustained that eventually the most important factors which driving the human’s acts is their own interests. On top of this founding, Hobbes had developed the social contract theory. It was one of a kind of the normative theory. The social contract theory can be related to the â€Å"rule-ethical-egoism†. It indicated that an individual is well off to live in a moral-based society than a society with no moral rules. Without the existence of moral rules, people were threatened by others’ selfish interests at a continual risk no matter their property, prestige, families, or even their lives. The selfishness of each individual will therefore prompted to an adoption of a fundamental set of rules for a more civilized world. These rules prohibited any criminal acts like lying, robbing or killing that might threaten individual safety. In other words, these rules will safe guard any individual from getting harm by others’ selfishness once the rules enforced. Human beings as selfish creatures would keep trying to take advantage of others and therefore, a policing agency must be set up to punish those who break the rules. Individual relies on one another to keep the agreements but a third party is still needed to supervise the situations so as to ensure that no one is breaking the rules or harming each other. In need of governance, individuals agree to form a government that was empowered to enforce the rules and regulations upon those who go against the agreements by giving up some of their social power. The social contract theory holds that manufacturers/sellers’ duty to provide products that are safe to use is determined by the agreements between the sellers and consumers. It consisted of the implicit and explicit agreements that supervise the liability between manufacturers/sellers and consumers which stated that a business have the obligation to provide the products that fulfill the claims that the sellers explicitly made about the products’ safety level to the consumers or the claims that the sellers implicitly made when marketing the products which its safety level is well known. Express warranty claims the facts about the products and become part of the sales agreement while implied warranty claims that the goods sold must fit to the ordinary use. Social contract theory is supported by two important philosophies. First, utilitarian stated that society overall happiness will be increased by complying with the agreements that made between manufacturers/sellers and consumers; second, Kantian said that it is deceiving and disrespecting others if the agreements are fail to be kept. According to the social contract theory, there are some duties that the manufacturers/sellers should accomplish. The first one is to obey the conditions of sales agreement. It indicates the products offered have to be safe for original purpose. Second, products’ related information such as reliability, maintainability of the products and etc must be disclosed. The third is to prevent any misleading information about the products that may confuse the consumers and the fourth is to avoid the use of force and excessive influence. The due care theory holds the idea that the consumers and manufacturers/sellers cannot be considered as equal and the consumers’ interests are susceptible to be harmed by the manufacturers/sellers who have better knowledge and expertise of the products that the consumers don’t have. Therefore besides the obligation of sending products that fulfills the implied and express claims the sellers made about the products, they also have the obligation to exercise due care to protect consumers from being injured by the use of the products that the seller can reasonably foresee even if such responsibilities had been explicitly disclaimed and consumers had agreed to the disclaimer. Thus, the manufacturers/sellers were held to be liable for the consumers’ cost of injuries if they failed to practice the due care. The theory also claimed that the manufacturers/sellers practice adequate supervision to the consumers only when they take reasonable steps to prevent any harms that they can predicted the use and any other possible misuse of products may have on consumers. Manufacturers/sellers are required pay extra attention to the product’s designs, choice of product materials, anufacturing processes, quality control during productions, and the cautions, labels and instructions attached to the products. Failure to exercise these steps has breached the moral obligations of due care, manufacturers/sellers are considered to be negligence. However, manufacturers/sellers are not morally negligence if the consumers are injured by the products but the harm was the one that couldn’t be predicted or prevented before the purchases. Manufacturers/sellers are also not morally negligence if they fulfilled all the sufficient steps to protect consumers and make sure that the consumers are aware of any irremovable risks of the products. For example a car manufacturer is not morally negligent when consumers misuse the cars that the manufacturer produced unless the manufacturer allow any excessive risks of the cars’ design that the consumers aren’t expected to know about and prevent it from happening. Unfortunately, it is difficult to determine whether the due care towards product safety has been exercised by the manufacturers for the consumers’ sake and how far the manufacturers must go to assure the products’ safety. The due care theory emphasize more on manufacturers’ conducts rather than the products’ quality; therefore according to the legal law, consumers must have sufficient evidences that the manufacturer failed to exercise due care rather than the evidences of products’ defects. The social cost theory is the fundamental of the doctrine of strict product liability. In accordance to the social cost theory, manufacturers will have the legal responsibilities to pay the costs for any damages or injuries of the consumers which brought about by the defects in the products which made the products excessively dangerous even though the manufacturers had practiced all the due care that related to the products’ designs, manufacture, quality control and packaging and had warned the consumers of every risks related to the products’ usage which the manufacturers can reasonably predicted. Under the doctrine of strict product liability, manufacturers are liable to all the damages even if they have not been negligent in allowing the defects to happen. However the strict liability is not an absolute liability because the products have to be defective and the consumers have to be accountable in exercise care. Besides, there are some criticisms about the strict product liability. It was asserted that to the manufacturers, the doctrine was relatively unfair. It was persisted that a business that had taken every reasonable precautious in order to prevent and get rid of any possible defects that might damage consumers’ interests, shouldn’t be held liable for the defects that they have no ability to prevent it from happening. It seems to be unjust for the manufacturers to be held for the defects that happened notwithstanding they had tried their best efforts to guard against them. On the other hand, the strict product liability is justified by the utilitarian. The first argument is that the utilitarian proponents that the businesses will only make their extreme efforts to ensure the product safety with the promotion of such policy like strict product liability. This was due to the facts that they know they will have to liable for any damages and injuries defects, so they will try their best efforts to intensify the safety of products. The second argument is that the utilitarian contended that it will be best that the manufacturers to bear the costs of damages and injuries due to defects of the products. The manufactures will usually raise the products’ prices in order to cover the costs of injuries. These costs will then directly spread among all the consumers on the market rather than falling on a single individual which can be said as a kind of insurance plan. The social cost theory is a theory that explained the manufacturers’ obligation to provide products that are safe to use rather than a theory that specified on who should bear the costs of injuries. The manufacturers owned absolute obligation to provide products that are free from defects according to the doctrine. These theories had so far enforced the business to perform their part to ensure that the products that they provide to the consumers are fit for the purpose, at the same time, safe for use. However in the real world, there was numerous numbers of cases which had been brought out for judgments. For example, a seventy-nine-year-old lady Stella Liebeck successfully sued McDonald’s for compensation. She was suffered from a third degree burns on her thighs and buttocks which she may need to require a skin grafting surgery and may leave her permanent scars because of a cup of McDonald’s hot coffee that spilled on her. At first, Liebeck intended to ask to the McDonald’s for a claim for the medical charges that she spend and also an additional sum of money for her suffering but the company rejected, so the lady brought up the case to the court. Lawyers who represented McDonald’s claimed that the coffee wasn’t unreasonably hot and Liebeck should responsible for her own injuries. However, the court jury refuted McDonald’s claims using two significant points. First, the McDonald’s coffee was served at 185 degrees Fahrenheit which was both undrinkable and even more dangerous than the consumers could expect. Second, McDonald’s had received over seven hundred complaints for its burning coffee before Liebeck brought up the case to the court. Although McDonald’s had actually printed the cautious label on the coffee cups to remind the consumers that the coffee is hot and also changed the lids into tighter lids after getting complaints from its consumers, but the efforts seem functionless because in the Liebeck’s case, she spilled the coffee when she held the coffee cup between her legs and trying to pry the tighten lid. Based on these points, McDonald’s was held liable for the compensation damages because the company hadn’t done enough to warn its consumers and was liable for an additional punitive damages as a warning to the fast-food chains. McDonald’s had violated the due care theory because the company hadn’t done enough in warning the consumers regarding the hot coffee. There was a case regarding to the resistoleros in Central America. A large number of homeless children were found sniffing some glue produced by the Harvey Benjamin Fuller Company which called Resistol adhesives. They were addicted to the intoxicating but dangerous fumes of the glue. Child-welfare concerned to the issue and urged the company to resolve the problem by adding a noxious oil to the glue in order to discourage abusers but Fuller refused. Fuller seems to have challenged to the criticism with its brand that dominated Central America and its good-citizen image. However the issue had become even more irritating because now Fuller must argue with the dissenting stockholders inside and protestors outside during its annual meeting. Fuller therefore announced that the company will stop selling Resistol in Central America but the matters turned out to be worsen because the protestors turned their jubilation into anger when they found that Fuller never intend to stop selling Resistol in Central America after few months. Instead of selling to the small-scale customers in Honduras and Guatemala, Fuller now sells large tubs and barrels of Resistol to the industrial customers in neighboring countries. Although the company had taken other steps to stop the abuse of Resistol by altered Resistol’s formula and developed other substitutes, but the actions were said to be mere image polishing because Resistol is still available to the children in other countries. In applying the doctrine of strict product liability in this case, Fuller had violated the manufacturers’ obligations by continuously supply Resistol in the market with the knowing that the products will harm the society. They should pull out the products from all the countries. There was also a case regarding to the skateboard scare. Colin Brewster’s sport shop had the briskest business ever since the craze of skateboard arrived at the River City. Many of the youngsters in the city got themselves a skateboard from Brewster’s sport shop. Brewster was informed by the River City consumer committee few weeks later that the skateboards were proved to be unsafe to the consumers with sufficient statistical support. The numbers of youngsters injuries resulted directly and indirectly from the use of skateboards was shocking, but Brewster claimed that it wasn’t his responsibility for the issue because it’s not about the safety level of skateboards it’s about how the youngsters are using them. Brewster also stated that he is just a retailer instead of manufacturer, however, the committee expected him to be responsible on this issue as a retailer. The committee also attacked Brewster that his advertisement on television advocated dangerous sport actions to the public without warning the youngsters not to imitate the actions without special guidance. Brewster held that parents are liable on this issue for being irresponsible when their children get injured for attempting to try out those actions in the advertisement. Anyhow, the committee asked him to take the necessary steps to settle the problems which including cutting down the advertisement. Brewster refused. Brewster was exercising the doctrine of caveat emptor in this case that he proclaimed that consumers are responsible for their own risks. However according to the social contract theory, Brewster should warns his consumers about the potential dangers of skateboarding before buying the skateboards. Brewster had violated the social contract theory so he was held liable for the costs of injuries from his consumers. Concluded the theories and cases above, the businesses have the obligation to manufacture and sell the products that are safe for use to the consumers and society while the consumers should acquire related information before making a purchasing decision in order to avoid such product safety problems. Both parties are liable to responsible for this issue. Bibliography 1) Burnett, J. (2006). Product Liability. Retrieved 2nd October 2011 from: referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/Per-Pro/Product-Liability. html 2) Fieser, J. (2009). Ethics. Retrieved 30th September 2011 from: iep. utm. edu/ethics/#SSH1b. i 3) Free Books Online. (2011). The Due Care Theory. Retrieved 1st October 2011 from: http://free-books-online. org/management/business-ethics/the-due-care-theory/ 4) Free Books Online. (2011). The Social Costs View of the Manufacturer’s Duties. Retrieved 2nd October 2011 from: http://free-books-online. rg/management/business-ethics/the-social-costs-view-of-the-manufacturer%E2%80%99s-duties/ 5) Friend, C. (2004). Social Contract Theory. Retrieved 30th September 2011 from: iep. utm. edu/soc-cont/ 6) Gray, J. W. (2011). Moral Issues Related to Consumers. Retrieved 29th September 2011 from: http://ethicalrealism. wordpress. com/2011/05/16/moral-issues-related-to-consumers/ 7) Hasnas, J. (2010). The Mirage of Product Safety. Retrieved 29th September 2011 from: http://faculty. msb. e du/hasnasj/GTWebSite/SafetyFinalDraft. df 8) Investopedia. (2011). Caveat Emptor. Retrieved 29th September 2011 from: investopedia. com/terms/c/caveatemptor. asp#axzz1Z5iIVFCP 9) Owen, D. G. (1996). Product Liability and Safety: Cases and Materials. NY: The Foundation Press. 10) Shaw, W. H. Barry, V. (2007). Moral Issues in Business 11th Edition. CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 11) The Free Dictionary. (2011). Caveat Emptor. Retrieved 29th September 2011 from: http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/caveat+emptor

How Many AP Classes Does the Ivy League Want?

Getting into the Ivy League is no easy task. In fact, with acceptance rates stooping well into the single digits, simply getting top test scores and a perfect GPA isn’t enough to guarantee admissions. So, it’s no wonder that we often hear from students wondering just what it takes to get in. One question we hear a lot has to do with course load. Just how many AP classes are enough for these extremely selective universities? Will taking more increase your shot at acceptance? To learn more about how many AP classes you need to take to get into the Ivy League, don’t miss this post. Like with most questions about elite college admissions, this one is hard to pin down. There’s no secret formula to getting into the Ivy League (believe us, if there were, we’d know about it!). Instead, the answer depends on a number of different factors. Basically, the Ivy League and other highly selective colleges look for students who make the most of their opportunities. This means that if some AP classes are available at your school, you should take them. If none are available, it won’t be held against you. If many are available, your choice becomes a little more complex. Ultimately, if endless AP options exist at your high school, you should aim to take between 7-12. You should start slowly during your freshman year. Think of this as the time to test the waters with a high-interest but lower-key course offering, like psychology or human geography. Once you’re accustomed to the AP workload, you can add another course or two during sophomore year. By junior and senior year you should be looking to take three or four AP classes. No matter how many AP options exist at your high school, keep in mind that you need to take the most challenging load possible if you want to be eligible for Ivy League schools. You’ll want   to talk to your counselor if you aren’t sure how to work out your schedule. Finally, remember that college admissions aren’t just selective—they’re competitive. You will be compared to other students, and specifically to other students from your high school, if they’ve applied to the same colleges. You need to make sure that your course load is as impressive, if not more so, than the students you’re up against. While no Ivy Leagues offer a specific AP course requirement, they do generally all agree that they are looking for students who challenge themselves and maximize their opportunities. We consider it a promising sign when students challenge themselves with advanced courses in high school. We understand that not all secondary schools offer the same range of advanced courses, but our strongest candidates have taken full advantage of the academic opportunities available to them in their high schools. Columbia’s stance is less specific but has the same gist, noting â€Å"We hope to see that a student is avidly pursuing intellectual growth  with a rigorous course load.† Dartmouth too offers no specific guidelines about AP classes, but does state, â€Å"We have no set requirements for high school courses completed. We look for students who have taken the most challenging curriculum available to them.† Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. There are two factors to prioritize when picking AP classes. First, choose courses that highlight your strengths, in areas that might be the focus of a future major or career. If you apply to a specific program, colleges will look for evidence that you are capable of a high level of work in that field. AP classes are a simple way of establishing your prowess in specific areas of study. Second, choose classes that are genuinely interesting to you. It isn’t common to find high school courses in psychology or music theory, so if these topics seem interesting, AP classes are a great way to explore them in-depth. Plus, if you’re interested in something, you’ll be more motivated to master the material. This being said, Ivy League admissions committees sometimes prefer to see AP classes in the core course areas, as these are more common areas of future study. By looking at how much credit the Ivies award for certain AP classes, you can see which ones might look more impressive on your transcript. Take Harvard, for example, where a score of five on the European History or Chemistry AP will earn you eight credits, whereas a score of five on the Comparative Government and Politics AP will not earn you any credit at all. You can see the entire table of Harvard credit for AP classes on their Advanced Placement Exams page for current students . AP classes that align with core curriculum may be viewed as more valuable by some admissions committees. If your high school doesn’t offer AP courses, you aren’t completely out of luck. There are still some great options available that will highlight your ability to tackle college-level work and show off your willingness to take initiative. First of all, it is possible to take AP exams without formally enrolling in AP classes. This is called self-studying, and it is a common approach for students who either don’t have access to AP classes, or who want to take more extensive AP classes than their school provides. To learn more about self-studying, check out our post The Ultimate Guide to Self-Studying AP Exams . Another option is to enroll in online or local college courses. Taking college classes while you’re still in high school shows off your areas of strength and makes it clear that you’re capable of college-level academics. Learn more about this option in our post Should I Take College Classes Over the Summer? Ultimately, AP classes are just one of many ways that you can set yourself apart during the college admissions process. Choose your course load carefully and you’re more apt to stand above the rest of the applicant pool.

If the goverment takes away gun use right will murders decrease Research Paper

If the goverment takes away gun use right will murders decrease - Research Paper Example About 100 million of them are handguns. Based on survey information from the U.S. justice Department in 2008, about 436,000 violent crimes were performed by offenders visibly armed with guns. Murder is defined as the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another. Gun right is provided in the Bill of Rights. The Second of the Amendments to the Constitution read â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, peoples right to keep and own guns shall not be infringed†. The gun use rights are provided by law makers. The use rights are for example, Right-to-carry laws that allows individual people who attain certain "minimally restrictive" criteria (e.g. as the finishing of a background check and also the gun safety course) to carry with them concealed guns in most public places. This focuses on how the gun is used or handled. Today, there are above 20,000 gun-control laws in the federal, state, and governments local levels. There is no question that guns account for countless murders whether unintentional or intentional. There are allot of people who believe that there is the existence of some causal relationship amongst these phenomena; named that crime decreases because of more strict gun-controlling legislation. As the laws that regulate and limit access to guns may have the effects of decreasing the rate of murder with guns, the variance of murder rates could be attributable to other factors. Kellermann (1993) maintains that the people who become firearms fatalities also had experienced domestic violence, drug abuse and alcohol, at greater rates than the nationals average. Kleck and McElrath, reported that when guns are present (they) "tend to inhibit attacks and, in the case of these attacks, to decrease the probability of injuries (to victims), whereas, once injuries occur, they tend to increase the probability of death."

A Need for a Space Weapons Ban Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Need for a Space Weapons Ban - Research Paper Example The disadvantages of space weapons include aspects such as; an adversary can weaken a space weapon, compromising the weapon's capability to effectively stop an attack. Moreover, the locations of space-based weapons are easy to predict. Incidentally, a weapon ruined on orbit can leave a continual cloud of rubble, posing danger to other satellites. Finally, â€Å"many weapons are necessary to guarantee that one of the weapons is located correctly†. Space weapons can serve as a defensive way to protect humanity from extraterrestrial attacks. Space weapons may serve as the main tool for information governance, and consequently may be an important aspect to combat zone control in modern war. Space weapons facilitate an advantage in time and distance over an opponent, necessary for a country to attain and safeguard the inventiveness. This enables countries to deter a progressing potential enemy more efficiently, with minimal collateral damage and probably in the initial stages of the attack, as compared to the weapons in current use. In addition, â€Å" if the willingness for an operation of space weapons is minimal in other countries, the first country to start operation will have a short-term advantage of supremacy over the other countries†. Assets in space play a vital role in â€Å"day-to-day communications, information gathering, and distribution, and in navigation†. These aspects are vital to the economy, security and are in demand among populations world since they are used in everyday life. Adversaries having an ill motive of slowing down or taking over a country could target assets such as satellites. Destruction of these assets can gravely affect a country as it means that no communication, data gathering, or navigation services will be accessible to inhabitants of that particular country 4. Therefore, the capability to avert a hostile attack, either from the earth or from space, is necessary. The attainment of this would only be through using space weapons since they offer a long-range attack solution and a relatively quick response time.

Ecological Footprint Essay Example for Free

Ecological Footprint Essay Like all animals, humans require a certain amount of space to support their needs. We can think of the space that provides these materials as an individual’s ‘ecological footprint. ’ Not all humans have the same ecological footprint, as the way we live our lives—our lifestyles—determines the impact we have on the environment. 1. How did your ecological footprint break down? Fill in the percentage column. Category % Food 18% Mobility 14% Shelter 9% Good 23% Services 35% 2. How many global acres does it take to support your lifestyle? It would 22. 4 global acres of Earth’s productive area to support my lifestyle. 3. If everyone lived like you do, we would need   planets to provide resources. If everyone lived like me, we would need 5 planet Earths to provide resources. 4. What could you do to lessen your Ecological Footprint? After taking the Ecological Footprint calculator I found out that my lifestyle consumed a big part of Earth’s resources. The ecological footprint calculator helped me to reduce my lifestyle by 1. 3 planets. It suggested that I should eat fewer animal based products and start eating naturally produce crops. I also should purchase products which used less packaging or packaging materials that are made from recycled products. I am planning to use energy from renewable resources by switching to solar panels for my home. I also plan to stop using our car and start to use public transportation as my mode of travel. I usually go for a vacation every year. My family and I need to fly to our destination. To be able to lessen our ecological footprints, I will suggest that we prefer local trips rather flying. If I can do all of this, I can reduce my lifestyle of 5 planet Earths to just only 3. 8 planet Earths. I know that this is not enough but it can be a good start. Reference Global Footprint Network. (2009). Footprint Calculator. Retrieved February 26, 2009, from http://www. footprintnetwork. org/en/index. php/GFN/page/calculators/

Stalin: In the Wrong? :: essays research papers

Stalin, by many people today, would be considered a horrible man who had caused much harm to the world. This, of course, is in modern terms. History has a way of reshaping the ‘morality’ of events over a period of time. Take, for example, the Crusades. The majority of Europeans at the time vastly agreed with their purpose. Now, however, they are seen as a religious leader’s abuse of power and an unfortunate loss of life. Will the same reversal occur with the view of Stalin? After all, he did completely reshape a backwards society. Since we cannot conceivable travel into the future, Stalin will be assessed from acclaimed people of the past. These people will have no prejudice towards Stalin in their ideals because they will not have known of Stalin nor the Soviet Union. However, their overall opinions will not fluctuate based on Stalin and thus Stalin will be judged. Stalin will be evaluated by the following three distinguished historical intellectuals: Plato, Mac hiavelli and Sir James G. Frazer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first person we shall introduce to judge Stalin is the Athenian philosopher Plato. Plato, in his dialogue in the First Book of The Laws, suggests a very simple, yet effective, test for selecting and educating men who can be trusted as statesmen. This test, which later became known as the wine test, was supportive of Plato’s views. It was not simply enough to be a wise ex-soldier, as many people believe Plato choose them to be the most qualified. In the dialogue, Plato states that drunkenness loosens a man’s tongue, which gives the presents public an idea what he is really like. By this simple test, Plato would readily support Stalin. Stalin was well-known to drink everyone else â€Å"under the table†. In fact, Stalin imbibed much more than his fellow British counterpart, Sir Winston Churchill, and his successor, Khrushchev. Stalin, being a Georgian, took great pride in his raising on a diet of mutton and wine, and as he grew, found wine no t potent enough, preferring to consume vodka. Wine, he said, was merely ‘juice’. Stalin, when he drank, rarely fluctuated from what he said when he was sober, proving to be a very consistent man. However, the people that he had at his little get-togethers were not, and often he used the information obtained here to ‘purge’ later victims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato saw the wine test not as a means for him or others to get drunk, but instead loosen the tongue.

Leadership and Organizational Psychology

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), a discretionary behavior that contribute to organizational effectiveness ( like helping coworkers) but are not part of an employees formal job description, is said to be determined by a number of individual differences and situational determinants (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.25). According to the studies conducted in OB, satisfied employees are more prone to go beyond their call of duty because they want to reciprocate their positive experiences to their co-workers or customers, in service oriented organizations. They would seem more likely to talk positively about the organization, help others, and go beyond the normal expectations in their job (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.25). The most important factor that is believed to be a large contributory to OCB, and in fact identified as its major determinant, is Job Satisfaction. In layman's term, job satisfaction is simply linked with an employee's favorable attitude towards his work. It has major facets namely: the work itself, pay, advancement opportunities, supervision and coworkers enjoying the work itself. These factors almost always have the strongest correlation to high levels of overall job satisfaction (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.23). In other words, most people prefer more challenging and stimulating work the predictable and routine ones. Common questions explored by researchers deal with the relationship of pay to job satisfaction. An interesting relationship between salary and job satisfaction reveals a correlation of the two for people who are poor or those who live in poor countries. However,   once an individual reaches a level of comfortable living ( in the United States, that occurs at about $ 40,000 a year, depending on the region and family size), the relationship virtually disappears. In fact, findings of one study show that people who earn $ 80,000 are on average, no happier with their jobs than those who earn close to $ 40,000. This means that overall job satisfaction is not only linked with pay but with other factors as well (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.23). One identified area where satisfaction might differ concerns an individual's personality. Some people are predisposed to like almost anything, and others are unhappy even in the seemingly greatest jobs. According to research findings, people who have a negative personality, those who tend to be grumpy, critical, and negative, are usually less satisfied with their jobs. One study, using the Neutral Objects Satisfaction Questionnaire,   found that nurses who were dissatisfied with the majority of the items on the list were also dissatisfied with their jobs and this is not surprising (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.24). The effects of an employee's satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the workplace manifest when employees like their jobs and when they do not. A review of 300 studies suggested that the correlation between job satisfaction and job performance is pretty strong. Moreover, when the organization level was explored by comparing satisfaction and productivity data, results revealed that organizations with more satisfied employees tend to be more effective than organizations with fewer satisfied employees (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.24). How one perceives an organization is also a determinant of OCB. If an employee perceives it as supportive, he is more likely to show positive attitude towards work. According to research findings, an organization is considered as supportive when the rewards are deemed fair; employees have a voice in the decision making, and when their supervisors are seen as supportive. An employee may engage or involve himself more openly in the organization's undertakings and show more enthusiasm for the work he does, if he has felt and experienced the organization's support, if he sees the availability of resources and the opportunities to learn new skills, if he feels that his work is important and meaningful and if he considers his interactions with his coworkers and supervisors as rewarding (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.21). Several studies have tried to link high job involvement with high job satisfaction. Similarly, they have tried to explore the correlation of high perceived organizational support with strong organizational commitment. Evidence suggests that these attitudes are highly related, perhaps to a troubling degree. The correlation between perceived organizational support and affective commitment is very strong but, is feared also to be a result of. redundancy in predictive variables. While there is some measure of distinctiveness among these attitudes, they do overlap greatly and the overlap may exist for various reasons, including the employee’s personality. Some people are predisposed to be positive or negative about almost everything. For example, if someone tells you she loves her company, it is also possible that she is positive about everything else in her life. It is also possible that the overlap is due to the fact that some organizations are just all around better places to work than the others (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.22). Early discussions of OCB assumed that it was closely linked with satisfaction. However, more recent evidence suggests the other way around. Job satisfaction influences OCB, but through perceptions of fairness. In fact, a modest overall relationship exists between job satisfaction and OCB, but satisfaction is unrelated to OCB when fairness is controlled for. This means that basically, job satisfaction comes down to conceptions of fair outcomes, treatment, and procedures. For example, if you do not feel that your supervisor, the organizations procedures, or pay policies are fair; your job satisfaction is likely to be significantly affected. However, when you perceive organizational processes and outcomes to be fair, you develop trust and when you trust your employer, you are more willing to voluntarily engage in behaviors that go beyond your formal job requirements (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.25). In service jobs where employees often interact with customers, job satisfaction and customer satisfaction is closely linked. Since the management of service organizations is concerned with pleasing their customers to increase loyalty, values linked with customer satisfaction are being introduced, instilled and strictly implemented among employees. Especially for frontline employees who have regular contact with customers. Research  Ã‚   evidence indicates that satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. This is because in service organizations, customer retention and defection are highly dependent on how frontline employees deal with customers. Satisfied employees are more likely to be friendly, upbeat, and responsive to customer’s needs, which customers themselves appreciate. Because satisfied employees are less prone to turnover, customers are more likely to encounter familiar faces and receive experienced service.   These qualities build customer satisfaction and loyalty.   Similarly, dissatisfied customers can increase an employee’s job dissatisfaction.   Employees who have regular contact with rude, thoughtless, unreasonably demanding and often irate customers adversely affect the employees’ job satisfaction (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.26). OCB, based on the related literature, is determined by several factors namely: the employee's level of job satisfaction, his personality, how he perceives the organization and his actual experiences at work. References Robbins, Stephen P. and Timothy A. Judge. (2007). Essentials of Organizational Behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (9th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.      

Doubt in Macbeth Essay

Doubt in Macbeth The play Macbeth contains doubt in many different ways. In the beginning of the play, we are struck by a very insecure Macbeth. He is indeed curious about what would happen if he were to take Duncan’s place and become the king of Scotland. If it were done when ’tis done, then ’twere well †¨It were done quickly. If th’assassination Could trammel up the consequence, and catch †¨With his surcease success: that but this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all, here, But here upon this bank and shoal of time, We’d jump the life to come. But in these cases We still have judgement here, that we but teach Bloody instructions which, being taught, return To plague th’inventor. This even-handed justice Commends th’ingredience of our poisoned chalice To our own lips. He’s here in double trust: First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this Duncan Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been So clear in his great office, that his virtues Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued against The deep damnation of his taking-off, And pity, like a naked new-born babe, Striding the blast, or heaven’s cherubin, horsed Upon the sightless couriers of the air, Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself And falls on th’other. (1.7.1-28) We find Macbeth really struggling whether to kill Duncan is the right thing to do or not. He does feel that murdering a man is a great sin, and the fact that this man, Duncan, is someone who trusts him, and also someone that Macbeth himself has showed loyalty to, makes it even worse. /I am his kinsman and his subject/ (1.7.14). Even though this is the case, Macbeth is not completely reluctant towards the idea of killing Duncan. I find that what really haunts him is that it’s more than just the act of murdering Duncan; it is the aftermath that bothers him. What he really is afraid of is that him doing a bad deed, will do come back to him in the end. The thought of becoming king is however tempting, but he is insecure about whether or not this ambition of his is enough to justify the murderer of another human being. This shows very much self-doubt, and in this particular quote Macbeth is really dealing with some ethical problems. On his one shoulder, is the angel telling him tha t it is not the right thing to do, but there’s also the devil who feels that perhaps it could work out. Although, he the angel takes over and he decides that his motives are not enough to kill Duncan. Something that is very interesting is how fast he changes his mind about this. As soon as he announces his decision to the one that I find is the one who is really willing to do anything in order to become the Queen of Scotland, his wife Lady Macbeth that is. Her doubt lies more in the ambitions and morals of her husband, because they are /are too full of the milk of human kindness/ To catch the nearest way/ (1.5.13). It is as if she feels that she is more of a man than her husband is. When Macbeth tells her he will not be murdering Duncan, knows him well enough to know which buttons to push in order to get what she wants. She questions his manhood immediately, and even though he at first stands up for himself by saying /I dare do all that may become a man:/Who dares do more is none/ (1.7.50-51). Lady Macbeth does not experience the antagonist, protagonist discussion in her head that Macbeth does. Her ambitions and morals are a lot clearer, and her single-mindedness ends up being wha t really convinces Macbeth that murdering Duncan is what he must do. This makes Macbeth characteristic of being incredibly full of self-doubt even more obvious. He is easily persuaded by his wife, into doing something that he deep down knows will end up leaving him with feelings of guilt and anxiety. M: One cried ‘God bless us’ and ‘Amen’ the other, As they had seen me with these hangman’s hands. List’ning their fear. I could not say ‘Amen’, When they did say ‘God bless us’ Lady M: Consider it not so deeply. M: But wherefore could not I pronounce ‘Amen’? I had most need of blessing, and ‘Amen’ in my throat. (2.2.32-39) Macbeth has murdered Duncan. Before killing him, he expressed a worry of this giving him bad karma. In this particular quote, I find that his worry has almost developed into paranoia. It is almost as if he starts to question his belief, and whether or not he can rely on God for guidance, the way he may have done before. He realizes most certainly that this deed will be on his conscience for the rest of his life, and I think that wishes he had not done it. His wife on the other hand still shows no signs of doubt, regret or any other feelings one may expect to feel after a murderer. However, I feel that she must doubt the action too. If she had been completely convinced that it was what they had to do, she could have done it herself. In Scene 5 of Act 2, she claims she cannot commit murderer because she is a woman. The era in which this play takes place is definitely different in many ways from the way we live today, but I believe that would not have been impossible for Lady Macbeth to murderer Duncan herself. I believe that it is an ethical dilemma for her as well, she wants to be Queen, but she doesn’t want a murderer on her conscience. Therefore she decides that she can persuade her husband to do it. Out, damned spot! Out, I say!- One: Two: why then, ‘tis time to do’t.- Hell is murky.- Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, and afeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our power to account? Yet who would have thought the old man to have so much blood in him? (5.1.36-41) Lady Macbeth’s doubt and regrets regarding the murderer really become obvious. She’s sleepwalking, and she is filled with guilt and doubt in whether or not she will actually be able to let go of the crime committed. Earlier on, as mentioned, she was the one convincing Macbeth that the blood, or the guilt that is, would go away /with a little water/ (2.2.65). Now she is not so sure anymore, saying /Here’s the smell of blood still. All the/ Perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand/ (5.1.51-52). She feels doubt that she will ever be able to live her life as she did before, even though she is now the queen. Is a title really enough to protect her and her husband from what they have done? She is starting to realize that they have created a hell of their own, filled with regret, doubts, sleepless nights that will never end. I feel a lot of desperation in this part of the play, as the consequences of her actions is catching up to her, and her soul is eaten b y doubt. Doubt really is one of the great themes of Macbeth. Throughout the novel one finds both small and large elements of doubt. Besides from the quotes and parts that I have chosen to analyze, there are a lot more to find. There is a doubt going around about who committed the murderer, and if there is such cruelty and hunger for power as it seems Macbeth has. What it all comes back to, is his self-doubt and that I really believe is a message from Shakespeare. One must trust their instinct, or a lot of things could go terribly wrong.

Western Medicines Impact on the Traditional Beliefs of the Kaliai essays

Western Medicines Impact on the Traditional Beliefs of the Kaliai essays The people of the Kandoka village, located in Papua New Guinea, have quite a unique way of life that differs from that of Western civilization in several ways. They are essentially a simple society based on subsistence horticulture and occasional hunting. With a population of approximately four hundred people, the Kandoka village is "the largest of the five coastal villages of Lusi-Kaliai speakers. Travel between these different communities is achieved by foot or sea and usually requires a substantial amount of time. This can be quite problematic in cases of medical emergency. Although a registered nurse is located at an Aid Post a few miles from the village, more serious cases are often referred to hospitals quite far away. The Kaliai have now been in contact with Western culture for over a century and with Western medicine for almost fifty years. They have still managed to maintain their strong cultural beliefs and practices while at the same time integrating certain aspects of Western culture into theirs. In this essay I will discuss how the availability of Western medicine has affected how the Kaliai perceive and explain causes of illness and methods of treatment, when they seek this type of treatment, and how they explain and deal with it's failure. I will then proceed to comment on how and when traditional treatment is exercised and what happens if this method fails. The information used in the discussions is provided in a series of case histories documented by Drs. Dorothy and David Counts. It is from these cases we find that the people of the Kandoka village have generally accepted Western medicine and use it in varying combinations with traditional practices. Western Medicine's Impact on Perceptions of Illness With the introduction of Western medicine into the Kandoka village came new ways of explaining illness and providing treatment. Contact with Western missionaries had established a great deal of respect for...

Report Module Topic 7-12 International Business Management Essay

Report Module Topic 7-12 International Business Management - Essay Example International Business Organizational Design 13 4.1 & 4.2 Different types of Organizational Design & Benefits 13 5. International Strategic Control Issues 14 5.1 Control Process of International Business 14 5.2 Control Problems in an International Business 15 Conclusion 16 References 17 Executive Summary The study deals with the implementation of international strategic management process that is undertaken by the firms who are planning to expand its business by entering into foreign market. The report also indicates the problems that are faced by the firms in undertaking the process and the ways to rectify it. It also elaborates the type of entry modes through which the firms penetrate into the foreign markets. The firms are also responsible for undertaking social activities so as to continue their operation ethically. The firms often face problems because of the exporters in such a case they must take few initiatives to improve the situation. The initiatives are elaborated in the r eport. The report will also highlight the risk associated with operational process and planning while the management of a company tries to adopt varied internationalization mode and approaches. The author of the report will focus on the importance of the organizational design and its impact on the organizational outcome. ... Introduction International strategy making is more crucial and complex than the strategies that are made by the domestic companies. The manager of the firm who is entering a new foreign market has to deal with a number of governmental policies of the host country and take care of the conflicting demand between the domestic and the host country factors 1. International Business strategies and CSR 1.1 Steps in International strategic management International strategic management can be defined as the ongoing and comprehensive management planning process that aims at devising and executing strategies, which enables firms to compete internationally (Arnold, 2003). The steps are as follows: Foreign Market Analysis The foreign markets are researched carefully to get the picture of the overall condition of the market. Before entering the foreign market, the cost and benefits of the venture are assessed carefully by the firms. The risk associated with the business is also evaluated in order to safeguard their operation from beforehand. The investment banking corporations analyze the new foreign market before entering. Choose a mode of entry In the next step, the firm decides the mode through which it will enter the foreign market. The entry of the firms can be elaborated by the Dunning’s Eclectic Theory. The theory provides the firms with two modes of entry: FDI related mode and the non-FDI related mode. The theory gives the following advantages: 1) Ownership advantages identify the intangible and tangible resources that are owned by the firm. These resources grant them competitive advantage over their competitors in the industry. 2) Location advantage identifies the non-economic and economic factors that can influence the interest of locating production

How Linguistics Helps to Explore the Language of Every Field Assignment

How Linguistics Helps to Explore the Language of Every Field - Assignment Example The information might provide guidance to the students in order to feel comfortable with the field by providing the following information. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language. It brings every concern about the language into consideration. The language can be oral or written. Oral language in any form can be analyzed scientifically. It can be in the form of conversations, speeches or any formal talk. The major subjects of the field of linguistics are Phonetics, phonology, morphology, and sociolinguistics. The various subjects will help the students analyze the language from different perspectives depending on what aspect the person is interested in exploring. There is a debate about the common features that both linguistics and language studies hold. To make one point clear; linguistics and language study has no such distinction in its nature. They study the same aspects and features. The readings and the writers that will help in order to build the background knowledge of the students should be based on the introduction of the field. The readings will help to build the knowledge of the students. The advantages of the field are numerous. Being the primary source of communication between humans, language plays the vital role of inter-connecting humans which forms the basis of nearly all activities of human beings. The students after learning about linguistics will be master at analyzing the language of written and oral discourse. The students can also incorporate the field of literature into linguistics which will help them in the new field a lot.